Submitted by: Reva Disuja

Bollywood is the name given to the most loved and appreciated film industry of the world, The Indian Film Industry . Bollywood produces more than 1000 movies a year; this testifies the massive development this industry has witnessed over the recent past. The love for Bollywood has resulted in huge fan following. Several Hindi movie lovers are eager to know about latest bollywood happenings like new bollywood film releases, latest Hindi song videos, actor interviews etc.

Filmfare is a known brand in the Indian Film Industry. Since past many decades this celebrated magazine has served the interests of several bollywood fans. From latest bollywood happenings and actor interviews to film reviews and videos, Filmfare has always complemented the mounting craze for bollywood. It is one of the earliest filmy magazines in India to offer concerned audiences interesting facts and news about the much loved Indian cinema. Fimlfare awards hosted by the reputed magazine are the most awaited awards of the year and are attended by the entire industry that look and perform their best at the event! And now as a consequence of the massive development of information technology and increase in the number of online audiences, Filmfare now showcases interesting bollywood stories and reveal secrets!! On its online portal that is visited by numerous fans of the largest film industry of the world, Bollywood !

[youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMWNNXnH0Wo[/youtube]

The Indian Film Industry is known for the glamour, vibrancy and enthusiasm showcased in its movies. These colors can be witnessed in the songs and dances featured in Hindi films. The dances are full of zeal and zest and the foot tapping music can make anyone dance to the tunes! The songs, dances and music are the life of an Indian Film. The latest Hindi song videos are extremely popular among the masses and are viewed in large scale. The delightful music of bollywood movies has transformed over the years in accordance to the public demand. This popular industry has also legendary musicians including singers, music directors, lyrists etc. Filmfare showcases latest Hindi Song Videos for entertaining online viewers. These vides are recognized and appreciated immensely.

Furthermore, new bollywwod film releases are another area of interest for Hindi Movies fans. Apart from helping viewers decide which movie to watch from numerous other films released every Friday, these reviews also give a detailed description of technical and non-technical aspects of a film. New bollywwod film releases in filmfare discuss the movie in context to its music, direction, photography, choreography, acting and much more. Reading a film review is extremely intriguing and exciting.

Filmfare is a one stop solution to all filmy gap shup and bollywood happenings. So next time you drink your cup of coffee make sure you have a Filmfare in your hand!

Stars rise and stars fall. The rise is infused with buzz, excitement, hype and could be meteoric or it could be the kind that comes in quietly through the side door and surprises you. This happens every year. Stars are born and new talent is thrown up to impress us. Not all are necessarily superstar material but they definitely make a film what it is. In unforgettable supporting roles or any other label that is available. Talent as we have come to understand, turns up in all shapes, sizes and sorts. We at Filmfare have handpicked a few that we think will make a definite mark in the years to come, if they haven t already. They could be the obvious ones groomed for stardom or they could be the dark horses, the ones we weren t really prepared for. So you have a Ranveer Singh, Shraddha Kapoor, Swara Bhaskar and Rajat Barmecha for instance in this roster. Different kinds of debuts, different career trajectories. Yet the one thing that binds them is their talent and their intrinsic ability to grab eyeballs.

About the Author: For More Information Visit:

filmfare.com/

and

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Google may shut down Chinese operations due to censorship and cyber attacks

Wednesday, January 13, 2010

The U.S.-based multibillion dollar online search engine, Google Incorporated, has announced Tuesday in a public statement on its official blog that the company has been the victim of a “highly sophisticated” and “targeted attack” against their corporate infrastructure that they allege “originated from China.”

The author of said statement, David Drummond, Google’s Senior Vice President of Corporate Development and Chief Legal Officer, noted that Google was not the only multinational corporation targeted. “As part of our investigation we have discovered that at least twenty other large companies from a wide range of businesses—including the Internet, finance, technology, media and chemical sectors—have been similarly targeted.” The names of these other corporations in question have yet to be released. To this end, Google states that they are “currently in the process of notifying these companies,” and they are cooperating with the “relevant authorities.”

Drummond goes on to say that through a separate and unrelated investigation, Google has additionally discovered that the accounts of “dozens” of Gmail users worldwide who are “advocates” of political and human rights in China “appear to have been routinely accessed by third parties” as well.

However, he affirms that “…these accounts have not been accessed through any security breach at Google, but most likely via phishing scams or malware placed on the users’ computers.”

As a result of what has occurred here, Google said it has already made significant changes to the security infrastructure of its users’ accounts as to prevent something like this from ever happening again.

At the same time, Google advised individual users to use more discretion while online, “We would advise people to deploy reputable anti-virus and anti-spyware programs on their computers, to install patches for their operating systems and to update their web browsers. Always be cautious when clicking on links appearing in instant messages and emails, or when asked to share personal information like passwords.”

HAVE YOUR SAY
Do you think Google should exit the Chinese market?
Add or view comments
We have decided we are no longer willing to continue censoring our results on Google.cn…We recognize that this may well mean having to shut down Google.cn, and potentially our offices in China.

Google launched its Chinese-language search engine, Google.cn, in January 2006. The only precondition to operating in China was that the company had to acquiesce to certain censorship demands from the one-party government. When defending their controversial rationale for operating in the socialist republic, Google said “…that the benefits of increased access to information for people in China, and a more open Internet outweighed our discomfort in agreeing to censor some results.”

Nevertheless, Google has still been widely criticized for this voluntary censorship of search results of topics, such as the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, movements for Tibetan and Taiwan independence, and the Falun Gong religious movement along with other information considered harmful to the Chinese government. Some feel it goes against and is hypocritical of Google’s informal motto, “Don’t be evil”.

In response, a spokesperson for the Chinese Consulate in New York City, Wenqi Gao, said in a phone interview to The New York Times, “I want to reaffirm that China is committed to protecting the legitimate rights and interests of foreign companies in our country.”

In contrast, Sharon Hom, the executive director of Human Rights in China said, “It’s a wakeup call for the international community about the risks of doing business in China. The tendency has been for companies to keep their eye just on the benefits of doing business. But the risks are real—The risks are to our intellectual property. The risks are to our values.”

Analysts noted that this move has the potential to financially hurt Google, which has a somewhat limited share of the Internet search market in China, which is dominated by the Chinese-based Google-like website Baidu. Google’s shares fell just under two percent after hours to US$579.50. Meanwhile, Baidu shares rose five percent to US$406.

Harvard Business School professor David Yoffie said, “The consequences of not playing the China market could be very big for any company, but particularly for an Internet company that makes its money from advertising.”

“It will hurt their profits. They get eight to ten percent of their revenues from China,” said Trip Chowdhry, an analyst for Global Equities Research. “If they walk, they will eventually be invited back into China, because the Chinese people will request that. Openness always wins, but it will take some time.”

Tim Ghriskey, the chief investment officer for Solaris Asset Management said, “Clearly not good news for Google and clearly not good news for consumers. You’ve got to think that eventually Google figures out a way to deal with this. If they do have to shut down their Chinese operations, that they would be able to reinstate them. Hopefully soon. I can’t imagine that this would be permanent.” He added, “China is a great growth engine for every business. It is a great opportunity for Google as well.”

In response to all that has happened and what has been said, Drummond explains that this has “led us to conclude that we should review the feasibility of our business operations in China.”

He goes on to state, “We have decided we are no longer willing to continue censoring our results on Google.cn, and so over the next few weeks we will be discussing with the Chinese government the basis on which we could operate an unfiltered search engine within the law, if at all. We recognize that this may well mean having to shut down Google.cn, and potentially our offices in China.”

Drummond concludes his statement by trying to assuage the situation the best he can, “The decision to review our business operations in China has been incredibly hard, and we know that it will have potentially far-reaching consequences…We are committed to working responsibly to resolve the very difficult issues raised.”

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Details emerge on how al-Zarqawi’s location was pinned

Friday, June 9, 2006

Someone said to be an informant within Abu Musab al-Zarqawi‘s trusted circle told Coalition forces the insurgent leader was going to have a meeting, it has emerged. This information appears to have led US F-16Cs to a safehouse in the Iraqi town of Hibhid, where the Jordanian and five others, including a child, were killed on Wednesday.

“We had absolutely no doubt whatsoever that Zarqawi was in the house. There was 100 percent confirmation,” Caldwell said.

The informer is said to want the insurgency to pursue a strategy within the Iraqi political process, which in the informer’s view was in contrast to tactics executed by al-Zarqawi’s leadership that involved ethnic killings.

It was one of the last in a long line of breadcrumbs leading the hunt for the Iraqi government’s most-wanted murderer to the doorstep of an attractive isolated house in Hibhid.

In a late-April video al-Zarqawi had been shown spraying bullets from a machine gun with a horizon in the background. This is said to have revealed the general location of al-Zarqawi, found near Diyala province, in the north east of Iraq. The ethnically mixed region had seen an upsurge in violence and over days preceding the airstrike.

Murders had included a number of decapitated heads left in fruitboxes. Al-Zarqawi had been known for kidnapping and video beheadings of westerners in Iraq.

Another al-Zarwaqi insider also had given vital clues to the investigators before the final tip-off. A former customs clearance officer in Rutba identified as Ziad Khalaf al-Karbuli had named Sheikh Abu Abdul-Rahman as al-Zarqawi’s spiritual advisor and gave-up contact details.

Ziad Khalaf al-Karbuli had appeared on Jordanian television, May 23, to confess his links to al-Zarqawi, and to his murder of a Jordanian driver and his kidnap of two Moroccan embassy employees in 2005. The vital clue about Abu Abdul-Rahman was not broadcast.

With details from the al-Karbuli interrogation the gunsights got closer to al-Zarqawi. “Through painstaking intelligence effort, they were able to start tracking him, monitoring his movements and establishing when he was doing his link-ups with Zarqawi, ” Maj. Gen. William Caldwell said of the investigators.

The US search for the Sheikh included the use of remote controlled aircraft, it was revealed.

However; it is said neither the al-Karbuli information nor the al-Zarqawi betrayer lead the Americans to press the fire button on al-Zarwaqi’s two-story home. Al-Zarqawi was hard to catch because he reportedly eschewed trackable cell-phones in favour of high-tech Thuraya-made satellite phones to communicate.

The death certificate was signed by the secret informant who said both Sheikh Abu Abdul-Rahman and al-Zarqawi would be in Hibhid, Wednesday night.

For the elusive insurgent who had previously escaped attempts to bomb him, the execution came after comparison of this source’s information with tracks of the location of satellite phone users.

The location found was beside a property with a courtyard surrounded by fields away from other buildings. It appears then the US command made the decision to strike at an address in the small town, near Baqubah.

US special forces were on the scene to photograph the dead al-Zarqawi at 6:17 p.m., two minutes after two 500lb bombs were dropped. Al-Zarqawi was said to be alive and being given medical assistance when he died of wounds sustained in the bombing.

The announcement of the killing was made Thursday by Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri Maliki. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki said to viewers of Iraqi television the $25 million bounty for information leading to the death or capture of al-Zarqawi would be “honored.”

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US Justice Department to withdraw Stevens charges

Wednesday, April 1, 2009

The United Stated Department of Justice has asked for corruption charges against former Alaska Senator Ted Stevens to be dropped because evidence was withheld from the defense team by the original prosecutors. The Justice Department has stated that they will not retry Stevens.

In a statement, US Attorney General Eric Holder said, “After careful review, I have concluded that certain information should have been provided to the defense for use at trial. In light of this conclusion, and in consideration of the totality of the circumstances of this particular case, I have determined that it is in the interest of justice to dismiss the indictment and not proceed with a new trial.”

Stevens was convicted in October on seven felony counts of lying on senate disclosure forms about gifts, largely in the form of free renovations to his home, received from an oil service company; his conviction is thought to have been a large factor in his November electoral defeat to former Anchorage mayor Mark Begich, the current junior Senator from Alaska. Stevens immediately appealed his conviction and has maintained his innocence.

The prosecution case has met with a number of procedural difficulties, with US District Court judge Emmet G. Sullivan holding the prosecution in contempt in March for failing to turn over documents concerning an FBI whistleblower’s reports of mishandling of the case. The Justice Department has since replaced the case’s prosecutors, and the allegations of misconduct have held up sentencing from the original convictions.

The filed papers indicate that notes were never turned over from an interview that has the oil contractor estimated the house renovation for far less then he specified at trial.

The original trial team was removed, but in the end Attorney General Eric Holder thought it would be best if the case was dropped. NPR’s source indicate that Holder wish to forcefully transmit that prosecutorial misconduct will not be tolerated. The trying prosecutors are under investigation by the Justice Department for their conduct in the matter.

Stevens, now 85, served as Alaska’s Senator from 1968 to 2009.

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Painting All Your Rooms Different Colors

Adding Uniqueness to Your Home

Lots of people that paint their home usually only go with one color around the whole place. This is considered unoriginal and bland by some, and can often make your home look unappealing. However, painting every single room individually, and doing so with different colors nonetheless, is a great means of adding a sense of uniqueness to your house.

This uniqueness also provides an element of beauty that most visitors will often admire. Not only will you be giving your living quarters a complete makeover, you’ll be giving them a unique one which greatly boosts their appearance. This is partly the reason why painting each room is so important.

Give Every Room a Different Feel

It won’t just be your house that gets a unique look to it when you paint each individual room. The individual rooms will obviously have unique looks of their own, and most importantly they’ll have entirely new and unique feels to themselves.

This unique feel is a huge plus as it makes you feel like you’ve stepped into an entirely new space whenever you walk from one room to another. You’ll enjoy living much more in your own house thanks to this, and the blend of different colours can look really beautiful if executed correctly.

Personalize Your Home in Your Own Way

One of the best things about painting all the different rooms in your home is that you can provide each and every individual corner of the home with a new beautiful look. The best part about this look is the fact that you get to decide how it looks.

This means you can give each individual room the change in color that you’ve always wanted to give. Once your house and each specific quarter of it is personalized to your own liking, you’ll find your own home much more attractive.

Wikinews Shorts: May 22, 2008

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Wikinews Shorts: May 22, 2008
Author: Admin

21 Aug

A compilation of brief news reports for Thursday, May 22, 2008.

Transport workers in France began a strike on Thursday to protest changes in the state’s pension system. Almost 300,000 people took part in marches. Public transport was reported as being hobbled by Associated Press. Union officials say that 700,000 people took part in the work stoppage, which also reduced postal deliveries and even normal programming on state-run radio.

Sources

  • “Strikes over pensions hit France” — BBC News Online, May 22, 2008
  • Elaine Ganley. “French strikers hobble public transport, ports” — Associated Press, May 22, 2008

Lou Pearlman, the American music mogul behind Backstreet Boys and N’Sync was sentenced on Wednesday to 25 years in prison on charges of money laundering, conspiracy and making false claims in bankruptcy court. He received the maximum sentence for swindling US$300 million from investors. He can have his sentence reduced if he is able to reimburse the victims.

Sources

  • Gil Kaufman. “‘NSYNC, Backstreet Boys Mastermind Lou Pearlman Sentenced To 25 Years In Prison” — MTV, May 21, 2008
  • Travis Reed. “Boy band creator Pearlman sentenced to 25 years’ prison” — Associated Press, May 21, 2008

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Saving America S Middle Class The Return Of Frugality

Submitted by: Neil T Thompson

There was a time and it wasn t all that long ago when a Middle Class lifestyle wasn t just obtainable; it was downright easy to be a member. Really, all you needed was an average job, and you were in a home, a nice car, occasional dinner out, color TV, an annual vacation, and a pension for when you got older.

Obviously, those days are gone, so I don t want to wax poetically about nostalgia and why can t we bring them back, etc. But I do want to point out the two reasons those days have left us, and I d like to expand on one of those reasons:

The most obvious reason for the end of the one average job s paycheck can raise a family is that the economy changed. Expenses outpaced wages, and many of those jobs (manufacturing, etc) are gone. And they won t come back. Forget relying on the government and waiting for good times to come back they aren t.

The second reason, however, is one that doesn t get as much play, because it s personal, and it hurts a little. And that reason is simply this: WE VE changed, and we want more, because there is more. Many families cannot make it on their salary not because food and shelter cost too much it s because of all the other stuff.

I d like to expand on this last point somewhat, and discuss how a return to frugality can help.

To start, what really changed in terms of what we buy and what s available? Well, the answer is, everything changed. There s so much more available to us now, and more importantly, many more things that are an almost expected part of everyday life (cellphones for the entire family, anyone? There s something a 1970 s era family never had to pay for.)

We want the food and shelter and automobiles that people used to have, but we also want a flatscreen TV in every room, cellphones for all, birthday parties for kids that run into the hundreds and even thousands, satellite radio, DVD s (every child I know has a personal DVD collection of Disney and Pixar films), and more. Plus, we want more space the average house is far bigger than one just thirty years ago. The great room is now part of our vocabulary.

We ve added and added to our lives, at a pace that far exceeds salaries. This is why the credit card bill is a monthly staple. We want more life than we can afford. And it s why many people find themselves in trouble.

I mentioned earlier that this hurts , and it s why this reason doesn t get much press. Nobody wants their kid to be the only one without a cellphone. Or without Toy Story 1, 2, and soon even 3 on DVD. Or without cable TV (on a flatscreen). I ve personally known parents who stressed about paying the heating bill turn around and buy their son a new Xbox that same week! This sort of thing happens more than you think. And it s insane.

[youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tG4MueiCTI4[/youtube]

Here are a few stats:

One in nine families can’t make the minimum payment on their credit cards.

One in eight mortgages is in default or foreclosure.

One in eight Americans is on food stamps.

More than 120,000 families are filing for bankruptcy every month.

*(source: Elizabeth Warren’s, “America Without a Middle Class.”)

Ok, how do we fix this?

I co-founded and run a website called The Daily Middle (www.thedailymiddle.com), where we explore the global economy and how it specifically relates to the middle class (typically individuals or couples making between $40,000 and $120,000 per year) here in the U.S.

The Daily Middle relies on those experts who saw this Greater Depression scenario starting to play itself out years ago experts like Peter Schiff, Jim Rogers, Dr. Marc Faber, Gerald Celente, Ron Paul, David Walker and Nouriel Roubini.

In my research, I run across articles, videos, stats and quotes all day long. And my advice in this case can be summed up with following two quotes I find particularly meaningful:

“One does not accumulate, but eliminate. It is not daily increase but daily decrease. The height of cultivation always runs towards simplicity.” – Bruce Lee

“It was hardly an exaggeration to say that the American standard of living was bought on the installment plan.” – Historian Daniel Boorstin

You see where I am going here, right? For many families, fixing their economic situation can be as simple as saying no . Right now, the average American family s net worth (adjusted for real inflation) is at 1970 levels. Take a look at a family in 1970 and see what their expenses were it may sound drastic, but that s kind of where you need to be if you want the same economic lifestyle. Ok, pay the internet bill, but does everyone in the family really need a cellphone? Or cable TV? Do gifts have to be charged? These are all places to start and yes, living frugally means sacrifice and a change of mindset.

Now, for those of you who are waiting for some Government magic, let me dispel that right now:

The official National Debt has just surpassed $13 Trillion (not including the massive debts of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae which are backed up by the Federal Government, estimated at $6.3 Trillion.)

Our Unfunded Liabilities (Social Security/Medicaid/Medicare) are approximately $60 Trillion

Our National Debt is now growing 3 times faster than decades ago

We are the world’s largest debtor nation with a National Debt that is 14 times larger and 89% of GDP (not including Fannie/Freddie debts and unfunded liabilities.)

We are in deep, deep trouble, and if you think things are going to turn around, you are mistaken.

To me, there s really only one solution, and that s to live below your means and return to frugality. If it requires giving up a few things that others are paying on credit for, so be it. If it requires cutting coupons, buying off-brand merchandise, well, that s what it takes. If it requires a combination of both, fine. But being frugal and living below your means does not just help you today it will allow you to weather almost any economic storm.

But being frugal isn t always easy. It takes a good, objective look at everything you are spending money on, and it requires hard choices to be made. It s not just cutting out a latte every day. It might mean your child doesn t text his or her friends, because the

pay as you go cell phone is for emergencies only. And that s ok.

We hope you will join us at The Daily Middle for our daily dose of reality to keep your feet firmly planted on the road back to frugality.

Are you living a frugal life? Do you have any tips for your fellow readers? If so, we would love to hear them. And if you re not living the frugal life, are you ready to start?

About the Author: Mr. Neil Thompson is a professor of economics in one of the famous US Universities. He has interest and a vast knowledge in US economy. He has attended many seminars and conferences on US and World Economy. Daily Middle (

thedailymiddle.com

) is a site where one can get information on US economy

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George Mason University upsets UConn, advances to Final Four

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George Mason University upsets UConn, advances to Final Four
Author: Admin

20 Aug

Monday, March 27, 2006

The George Mason University Patriots of the Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) defeated the University of Connecticut Huskies today in overtime, 86-84.

GMU becomes the first team from the CAA to reach the Final Four in a NCAA Division I basketball championship, and only the second 11th seed (LSU was the other in 1986). The Huskies were the number one seed in the Washington Region. GMU is also the first true mid-major to reach the Final Four since 1979 with Penn State and Indiana State.

This year held the Patriots’ first NCAA Tournament game victory, where they beat Michigan State (No. 6 seed) and the University of North Carolina (No. 3 seed) in the first two rounds. They defeated Wichita State in the third round, setting up today’s match against UConn.

Although GMU lost to the University of North Carolina – Wilmington in the CAA Championship bid, the NCAA selection committee awarded the team an at-large bid. This drew criticism from sports commentators such as Billy Packer, who felt it was more appropriate to give at-large bids to schools from major conferences, like the Big East, Big 10, or ACC. Packer argued that the tougher schedules during the regular season in those conferences gave more legitimacy to teams in those leagues.

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Transport for London wins first Anti-Social Behaviour Order against graffiti vandal

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Transport for London wins first Anti-Social Behaviour Order against graffiti vandal
Author: Admin

20 Aug

Tuesday, September 25, 2007

Billy Murrell, a persistent graffiti vandal from South East London, has become the first recipient of an Anti-Social Behaviour Order (Asbo) granted to Transport for London (TfL) by Greenwich Magistrates. The civil order also bans him from the top deck of buses throughout England and Wales for three years.

Murrell, a 17-year-old from Plumstead, has a history of convictions for criminal damage on public transport, including vandalising a Tube carriage in Brixton station and for damaging buses and other public property using marker pens.

This is Transport for London’s first Anti-Social Behaviour Order against a graffiti vandal — TfL was granted the power to apply for Asbos by the Home Secretary in September 2006.

The Anti-Social Behaviour Order was issued at Greenwich Magistrates Court on 12 September and also bans him from carrying any permanent marker pens or any glass cutting equipment on London Underground, railway property or any other transport provider’s property.

Metropolitan and Transport police have been made aware of Murrell’s Asbo, and have distributed his photo.

In detail, Murrell is prohibited from:

  • Entering any depot, siding or other part of London Underground property or railway property or any transport providers property which is not expressly open to the public whether on payment or otherwise throughout England and Wales
  • Carrying the following articles, in any area specified (above) or in any public place, namely any form of unset paint in any form of container, any form of permanent marker pen, any form of shoe dye or permanent ink in any form of container, any form of paint stripper in any form of container, any form of grinding stone, glass cutting equipment, glass etching solution or paste, throughout England and Wales
  • Aiding, abetting, counselling or encourage any person who was attempting or committing any form of unlawful damage towards any property not belonging to or under the direct authorised control of the defendant throughout England and Wales
  • Travelling on the top deck of the any public transport bus within England and Wales

If without reasonable excuse the defendant does anything which he is prohibited from doing by this order, he shall be liable to a detention and training order, which has a maximum term of 24 months – 12 months of which is custodial and 12 months in the community

Upon turning 18 he will be liable to imprisonment up to five years.

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Sphygmomanometer: Measuring The Beat

By Gary Gordon

Using a sphygmomanometer to measure a person’s blood pressure is a routine part of every physical exam and has been for decades. The results a sphygmomanometer provides can assess suitability for certain physical activities, predict long-term health risks, help manage many types of medical problems, and determine eligibility for insurance. The use of a sphygmomanometer has been standard practice in the medical profession for over a century and will only continue to be.

The word comes from the Greek sphygmus (pulse) and manometer, an instrument used for measuring the pressure of liquids and gasses. The sphygmomanometer was invented by Samuel Siegfried Karl Ritter von Basch and first appeared in doctors’ surgeries in the 1880s. In 1896, Italian pediatrician Scipione Riva-Rocci introduced an easy-to-use variation of the sphygmomanometer that consistently gave reliable results. Harvey Cushing, recognized in the medical profession as the greatest neurosurgeon of the twentieth century, found Riva-Rocci’s sphygmomanometer on a visit to Pavia in 1901 and soon popularized it.

The modern aneroid sphygmomanometer has an inflatable cuff that is wrapped around the upper arm and inflated with air by repeatedly squeezing a rubber bulb. When the pressure in the cuff gets high enough, blood flow in the main artery of the upper arm is cut off. The air is then slowly released and as the pressure falls, a stethoscope is placed over the artery where the sound of rushing blood is heard. These sounds are referred to as Korotkoff sounds. The pressure at which sound is first heard is the systolic pressure. The last sound heard is the diastolic pressure, the pressure at which the sound disappears as the blood resumes normal flow.

In order to obtain accurate blood pressure results using a sphygmomanometer, it’s important to make note of the following:

[youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F28ddUdeopQ[/youtube]

The inflatable part of the cuff must be the correct size for the arm. It should cover two thirds of the length of the upper arm. A blood pressure cuff that’s too small will cause an abnormally high blood pressure reading and a low reading may result from too large a cuff.

– The cuff should be firmly placed with the center of the inflatable part over the brachial artery.

– The cuff must be free of leaks.

– The mercury should be clean and at the zero mark before use.

– During cuff inflation, the mercury should rise smoothly and stop immediately inflation stops.

This procedure with a sphygmanometer is routinely done to screen for hypertension, a major risk factor for serious conditions such as stroke, kidney failure, heart attack, and cardiovascular disease – the leading killer in the United States.

The American Heart Association reports that nearly one in three U.S. adults have high blood pressure, but because there are no symptoms, nearly one-third of these people don’t even know they have it. In fact, many people have high blood pressure for years without knowing it. The only way to tell if you have high blood pressure is to have your blood pressure checked. With the advent of the digital sphygmomanometer, many people are taking it upon themselves to routinely check their own blood pressures.

The AHA also says that physicians involved in the management of patients with blood pressure problems must accept responsibility for ensuring that adequate instruments are available. They need to educate themselves on the instruments available and encourage the general use of mercury sphygmomanometers as the instrument of choice until others have been better validated.

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